Exploring iron oxide nanoparticles for promoting the growth of solid high aconite

Tech 2023-06-08 00:54:45 Source: Network

prefaceIron oxide nanoparticles have a large specific surface area and highly controllable surface characteristics, which enable them to provide more adsorption surfaces and effective reaction sites in the plant rhizosphere environment, which is conducive to the absorption and utilization of nutrients by plant roots.Our study found that in solid high aconite, iron oxide nanoparticles can affect the synthesis and distribution of auxin in plants, promote root growth and lateral branch development, and thereby increase plant biomass and yield

preface

Iron oxide nanoparticles have a large specific surface area and highly controllable surface characteristics, which enable them to provide more adsorption surfaces and effective reaction sites in the plant rhizosphere environment, which is conducive to the absorption and utilization of nutrients by plant roots.

Our study found that in solid high aconite, iron oxide nanoparticles can affect the synthesis and distribution of auxin in plants, promote root growth and lateral branch development, and thereby increase plant biomass and yield.

Plant materials and treatment

This study used a randomized fully block design factor experiment that included two factors: the concentration of Fe2O3 nanoparticles and the number of leaf applications. The concentration of Fe2O3 nanoparticles was divided into 0, 0.5, or 1mgL-1, while the number of leaf applications was 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

When conducting foliar spraying, the time interval between adjacent sprays is 10 days. The entire experiment was divided into 3 replicates, totaling 45 experimental units.

At the beginning of the experiment, we selected solid high Aconitum plants (cuttings) with 4-5 leaves and transplanted them into a basin with a diameter of 24 cm, which was filled with a mixture of peat moss and soil (1:2 ratio).

Morphological measurement

We conducted morphological and biochemical studies on solid tall aconite plants 30 days after the last application of foliar application, measuring their morphological characteristics, including plant height (in centimeters), number of branches, number of leaves, and leaf area (in square centimeters).

In order to determine the weight and area of the leaves, we selected five leaves from different positions on a single plant and copied them onto paper using a copying device. The paper was then cut off and weighed using a precision balance to record their area and weight.

Biochemical and Physical Analysis

The determination of total volatile oil content involves compounds such as rutin (RUT), Quercetin (QUE) and caryophyllene (BCP). High-performance liquid chromatography is used to determine the content of Flavonoid in leaves.

We also conducted elemental content analysis and extracted and measured leaf samples, including using the kkeldahl method to determine nitrogen content (%), colorimetric method to determine phosphorus content (%), flame photometry to determine potassium content (%), and dry ashing and emission spectroscopy to determine the content of iron (mgL-1), copper (mgL-1), and zinc (mgL-1).

High performance liquid chromatography analysis

Freeze 30 grams of fresh and mature leaves in liquid nitrogen and grind them into powder. Mix the powder with 15 milliliters of chloroform and stir at room temperature for 24 hours. Place the extract in an ultrasonic device for ultrasonic treatment for 15 minutes. Add 100 milliliters of butanol and transfer the mixture evenly to a separation funnel.

Collect the polar organic layer (butanol layer) and place the sample in a rotary evaporator device for drying and extraction. This step was repeated three times to ensure sufficient extraction of the target compound.

quantization

We used High-performance liquid chromatography to analyze Flavonoid (RUT, QUE) and volatile oil (BCP). In the experiment, we used automatic sampler (S5200), four stage gradient pump (S2100) and column oven (S4115).

A C18-ODS chromatographic column (2504.6 mm) was connected to the SYKAM system using a mobile phase consisting of methanol, deionized water (HPLC water), and formic acid in a ratio of 70:25:5.

Extract samples (BCP0.01 mL, QUE0.05 mL, RUT 0.1 mL) were injected at a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min and eluted once. The absorbance of the eluent was scanned at 280 nm using a UV detector (S2340).

GC-MS analysis

Distill the dried sample using the Clevenger system, place the sample in an extraction tube, and perform a 3-hour distillation process. After distillation, measure the volume of oil in the extraction tube.

quantization

Analyze the essential oil of Solidago using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, which includes components such as APN, camphene, LMN, LIN, Myr, and Tn.

The experiment used

During the analysis process, the percentage of each component in the sample is calculated based on the total ion flow of the chromatographic peak area. This method can provide qualitative and quantitative information on the composition of compounds in the essential oil.

statistical analysis

statistical analysisSASLSD0.05RStudioCorrplot

result

For the two traits of plant height and branch number, we observed an interaction between concentration and application frequency, and there was a type 1 error. For the interaction between these two indicators, the mean comparison also showed significant differences.

The branching rate of plants treated with 1mgL-1 concentration and four times of foliar treatment was significantly higher than that of plants treated with one and up to two foliar treatments.

In most cases, the concentration of 0.5mgL-1 also showed significant differences compared to all control treatments except for 4x. However, in the control treatment with 4 foliar applications of 1mgL-1 concentration, there was no significant difference in the number of branches, and the reason for this is still unclear.

During four foliar applications, plants using 1mgL-1 nanoparticles had the highest number of leaves, while the control treatment had the lowest number of leaves among the four foliar applications. When the foliar application frequency reached five, the number of leaves at 1mgL-1 concentration decreased compared to 0.5mgL-1 concentration.

Under the influence of 1mgL-1 concentration, the leaf surface showed an irregular trend, with 4-fold foliar application reaching the highest level. At a concentration of 0.5mgL-1, foliar application showed an increasing trend after 2-3 times and remained relatively stable. Compared with other treatments, the control plant had the lowest leaf area.

Among all the elements, the control plant had the lowest content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, copper, and zinc during each leaf application period. The plant with a leaf application concentration of 1mg L-1 showed the highest level of element content, except for nitrogen.

In the fifth treatment, except for potassium, phosphorus, copper, and zinc elements, all other elements showed a significant decrease. Even in copper, zinc, and phosphorus elements, low concentration foliar application five times could significantly increase the element content. Plants with a foliar application of 1mg L-1 concentration five times had the highest iron content.

The analysis of variance for the physical indicators of plant leaves and the percentage of total volatile oil showed a significant interaction between the concentration of nanoparticles and the number of foliar applications. In terms of the whitening index, plants that applied 1mgL-1 nanoparticles three times showed a significant increase compared to other levels and times of foliar application.

The biochemical components of the medicinal plant Aconitum Gao were analyzed by HPLC and GC-MS. These compounds include two Flavonoid (RUT and QUE) and some volatile oils (BCP, APN, camphene, LMN, LIN, Myr and Tn).

Similar trends were observed in other biochemical compounds studied, such as BCP, QUE, APN, camphene, LMN, LIN, Myr, and Tn. This can be explained by the fact that foliar application, even simple water spraying, provides better conditions for leaf photosynthesis, involving gas, temperature, and light absorption.

There is no significant relationship between the iron content in the leaves and the number of branches in the plant. Generally, the application of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the leaves will mutually affect the mineral content, thereby affecting plant growth.

The number and greenness of leaves are more affected by mineral content, that is, the higher the greenness, the more leaves there are, and vice versa, which may be related to more photosynthesis and better growth conditions.

discuss

By applying iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles on the leaves, the growth and development of yellow flower plants can be promoted, including an increase in plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, and leaf area, while increasing mineral content such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, copper, and zinc.

Leaf application can also improve the medicinal quality of the yellow flower plant, including the content of volatile oil (such as BCP, APN, camphene, LMN, LIN, Myr and Tn) and the content of Flavonoid (such as RUT and QUE).

1mgL141mgL15result

At the highest concentration and frequency of foliar application, the content of Flavonoid (RUT and QUE) and volatile oils (BCP, APN, campene, LMN, LIN, Myr and Tn) showed an upward trend.

This means that iron oxide nanoparticles can be used as a safe and healthy fertilizer to improve the medicinal quality of medicinal plants. In current research, we have observed that different concentrations of iron nanoparticles have similar reactions to different flavonoids and volatile oils.

We also found that although salinity increases the content of volatile oil, the combination of salicylic acid (SA) and nanoparticles applied on the leaf surface can promote the increase of volatile oil content and increase endogenous SA content and DPPH activity. This may explain that the impact of iron nanoparticles on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites may be similar to stress signals and may promote their biosynthesis process.

result

Different reports have observed some differences, possibly due to different experimental conditions, such as the formulation, concentration, frequency of application of nanoparticles, biosynthetic pathways of compounds, and differences in plant structure, morphology, and demand. The absorption of nanoparticles by plants depends on their properties, size, shape, and chemical composition.

Both iron nanoparticles and surface functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles can improve the quality of medicinal plants, but functionalized nanoparticles are more effective due to their synergistic effects, which not only verifies the benefits of iron nanoparticles for medicinal plants, but also proves their applicability.

conclusion

The quantitative and qualitative promotion of herbal medicines should be based on considering human safety, health, and economic pathways. Iron oxide nanoparticles are a safe and environmentally friendly compound that can affect the biochemical composition of plants and promote their growth.

Research has confirmed that iron nanoparticles promote plant growth under stimulation, improve the level of medicinal and nutritional characteristics of plants, promote plant growth by increasing the absorption of nutrients, and increase photosynthesis by absorbing more elemental nutrients. This is an important metabolic pathway for more components in plants.

Reference:

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